Coca Cola Buy, Sell or Hold Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Coca Cola Buy, Sell or Hold - Essay Example the year 1886, yet despite the fact that John had incredible pharmaceutical capacities, he needed showcasing aptitudes because of which he couldn't make the sort of publicity of this non †mixed beverage as we probably am aware today, subsequently acknowledging Coca Cola as a momentous and an uncommon item Asa Candler bought the equation and the Coca Cola brand from John understanding this as the ideal business opportunity. Candler was conceived in Georgia and had extraordinary inspirational capacities, preceding buying Coca Cola he was a drug specialist and had bought this destined to be the most famous brand - name for just $2,300. What's more, not long after that he turned into a mogul and became to be known as one of the top most business head honchos in the United States. He was likewise chosen as the Mayor of Atlanta in 1916 exactly when he resigned from Coca Cola. The most astounding exhibition of his administration abilities were shown when he effectively propelled his showcasing effort and appropriation channel for the Coca Cola brand name. He concluded that it was ideal to just make the crude soda pop and as opposed to naming the company’s administrators to advertise the item the organization would delegate different packaging plants as their ‘C and F’ or Carrying and Forwarding operators. The system was a triumph since the early dispatch and this advertising procedure supported the deals of Coca †Cola in America as well as all through the entire world. Indeed, even today the Coca Cola Company manages its showcasing tasks similarly, in spite of the fact that with minor alterations, for example, they buy the majority of the stake in the greater part of the packaging plants to stay in power. Coca †Cola is the most prestigious brand name all through the entire world with a set up showcase base in more than 200 nations and in conceivably every edge of this world. In any case, acknowledgment has its inadequacies, and one of the negative sides of acknowledgment is that it carries contentions alongside it. This is particularly evident in the event of the Coca †Cola Company; it is a

Beowulf Discussion Questions Free Essays

E4-9-2-Beowulf Discussion Questions #1 1. Herot was the spot where men would accumulate with their King, drink mead and tune in to versifiers sing tunes of God. 2. We will compose a custom article test on Beowulf Discussion Questions or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Grendel’s den resembles a bog it is far away from the realm and it is the place different beasts live too. Grendel’s sanctuary contrasted with Herot which is luxurious and expand and not marshy and stinky. 3. The importance of Grendel being plunged from Cain was so huge in light of the fact that Cain executed his own sibling, Abel the principal murder in the Bible. 4.Grendel assaults Herot in light of the fact that he doesn't care for the melodies about God’s making of the earth sung by the versifiers it drives him mad. 5. Herot represented the enormity of the realm before the happening to Grendel. Sadly after it turned into a position of dread and concern numerous individuals quit coming to commend the King’s greatness since they feared Grendel. 6. Hrothgar’s lieutenant was worried about the appearance of Beowulf men since he didn't know of what they needed, he was being mindful. 7.The lieutenant before long acknowledges Beowulf as a saint when they show up coastal as outcasts unafraid expressing his business similar to an assistance to the King by slaughtering Grendel. 8. Unferth raises Beowulf ’swimming match with Brecca in light of the fact that he needed to demonstrate Beowulf isn’t the saint everybody says he is. Consequently, Beowulf reacts by saying as a matter of first importance that he is smashed and that he slew the beast and eight other ocean monsters. 9. Welthow is the Queen and furthermore the leader in Herot. The storyteller adulates her for being so kind and serving other before herself. 10. Hrothgar’s discourse is noteworthy in light of the fact that he addresses all instructing them to bond together in fight trust nobody else other than your men and you will all have genuine triumph. 11. As Beowulf and his men sit tight for Grendel’s appearance, Beowulf feels that he is as risky as Grendel and that his men dread for their lives questioning on the off chance that they will even live until morning. 12. Grendel is alluded to as an evil presence or repulsive beast. Grendel represents the underhanded that is tormenting the Danes. Step by step instructions to refer to Beowulf Discussion Questions, Essay models

Business Planning and Market Strategy

Question: Talk about the Business Planning and Market Strategy. Answer: Presentation The present nearby and worldwide market has gotten increasingly serious in nature that requires execution of good promoting technique inside the association. The task centers around the organization named City Chic, which is a larger size-dress store in Australia. The organization gives its clients an assortment of items, for example, dresses, event wear, tops, denim, and bottoms and outwear. Further, the organization gives garments to the individuals who have body size bigger than that of a normal individual. The task features the advertising technique of City Chic that incorporates the item methodology, estimating system, advancement procedure and the appropriation system. In addition, the usage of the advertising plan and its assessment is talked about in subtleties so as to comprehend the promoting blend methodology utilized by the organization. Proposal is made to the troughs so as to assist the organization with developing and further continue in the serious market of the retai ling area in Australia. Promoting targets City Chic executes the SMART target to characterize the showcasing goals expected to meet the general destinations of the organization. Explicit: The chiefs of City Chic executes objectives that are explicit in nature. The organization chooses to diminish the operational costs of the organization by 25 percent inside span of 4 months by limiting the quantity of staffs (Citychic.com.au. 2016). Quantifiable: The point of the organization is to expand the absolute number of clients visiting the stores of the organization. The goal is quantifiable once the directors of the organization expresses the aggregate sum by which it chooses to build the visits of the clients. Noteworthy: The administrators of the organization present advances that help the representatives of City Chic to accomplish preparing that builds their proficiency. Profitable works help to convey high client support to the clients in this manner expanding the quantity of clients. Sensible: City Chic plans to accomplish the objective of diminishing the operational costs inside 3 months time. The goal is reasonable as the organization can investigate the hazard factors remembered for the organization and afterward discover answer for the issues inside the designated time to accomplish the targets. Timetabled: The chiefs of City Chic partition the assignment into littler errands so as to arrive at the goals in an improved way. Showcasing blend technique The organization executes the best advertising blend methodology that is suitable for City Chic. As per Slack (2015), the 4 Ps of the advertising blend is assessed that incorporates the valuing procedure, item methodology, advancement system and the conveyance technique (place). Item system The organization gives different kinds of items to the ladies that help to draw in more clients towards the brand. The organization offers items, for example, follows: Center items Hefty size dresses Undergarments denim Tops Periodic wear Expected items The Company dispatches some fresh introductions in the organization to build the deals and income of the organization. Swimwear Extras Boots Expanded items These are the items that are the non-physical characteristics items. Guarantee Administrations Item separation City Chic for the most part offers comparable items to the clients that are somewhat not quite the same as the items offered by the contenders of the organization, for example, BeMe and Asos. The organization offers hefty size items in dresses as well as in different items, for example, undergarments and boots. In this manner, there is an item separation did by City Chic. Marking City Chic uses viable promoting systems that help the organization to expand the brand picture. High brand picture encourages the association to support in the opposition, as clients lean toward the brand over different brands and subsequently remain steadfast. Ramifications of item life cycle The item life pattern of City Chic has a consistency as the items offered by the organization falls under the classification whose request won't fall antagonistically later on. Evaluating methodology Evaluating targets City Chic expects to build the income by expanding the quantity of deals. The organization takes a stab at decreasing the value level of the organization by lessening the operational costs. The companys objective is to arrive at an economical situation in the serious market to proceed with business over the long haul. Picking up the greatest market seat is one of the fundamental evaluating systems of the organization. The bigger piece of the pie permits upper hand to the organization that increments companys execution. Estimating techniques and valuing strategies City Chic uses the interest based estimating system to set the value level for the items. In the expressions of Grant (2016), the value level is high when the interest for the items is high, so as to gain a high benefit. Be that as it may, on occasion of low interest for the items, the costs of the items are maintained low in control to pull in more clients towards the brand. Contenders estimating As expressed by Henisz Zelner (2012), the contenders of the organization set a serious value level for the merchandise. Along these lines, City Chic can't charge significant expense since significant expense level will bring about losing its potential clients. In addition, the nearby substitutes of the items are a significant hazard factor for City Chic. Advancement procedure Advancement destinations Increment the interest of the merchandise offered by the organization Give more data to the clients through successful commercial that helps the clients in picking up information about the organization Make progress during the time spent item separation Advancement blend City Chic uses limited time blend, for example, ad and open connection to advance its items in the market. Proficient promotion assists with making mindfulness about its items in the market (Friedman, 2012). Advancement through commercial assists with drawing in progressively number of clients towards the brand. Then again, solid open connection with the clients assists with building brand dependability by transforming the current clients into potential clients. City Chic uses TV, online notice and internet based life to advance its items. In the cutting edge period of innovation, these limited time media are the best ways for advancing the items. Conveyance system Being situated in Australia, the organization enormously center around the building up a broad dispersion methodology. Notwithstanding dispersing great through retail outlets, the venture gives products to focused clients through a settled channel of wholesalers. Likewise, with a development of web, City Chic gives the garments through internet garments sites (Kotler et al., 2015). The store additionally encourages an arrangement of entryway to-entryway selling and mail order shopping. In addition City Chic so as to expand selling limit position outlets in the most crowed parts on Australia like Sydney and Melbourne. As indicated by Valentin (2014), an advancement of very much arranged topographical area of the store draws in individuals from the household district as well as from universal regions. Execution of advertising plan City Chic's supervisors study the market structure to encourage usage of the showcasing plan. To expel abundance creation cost inside 3 months, chiefs process usage of the promoting plan when there is a recognizable ascent in requests. As indicated by Gordon (2012), as far as gainfulness, the organization significantly centers to accomplish economies of scale. In view of variances sought after and flexibly directors gauge an underlying expense for actualizing the advertising intend to associate with AUS$15.34million yearly (Citychic.com.au. 2016). Directors of the brand in the wake of submitting to the hypothesis of the 4P's beginning with accumulating of stock and flexibly them to their customers on request. Assessment of advertising plan The achievement of City Chic enormously relies on its advertising systems. Corresponding to Mintz Currim (2013), partners look into breaking down budget summaries so as to check manageability and get essential changes. The degrees of deals and rate of profitability are the two essential elements for assessing the showcasing plan. Moreover, benefits to investors, client surveys and altruism of the organization in the market are additionally utilized as strategies to check familiarity of the strategy (Huang Sarigll, 2014). The Australian market isn't just versatile yet additionally dynamic which empowers the organization to seek after information accumulation. End The possibility of City Chic to bargain in line of larger measured garments pulls in the individuals of the nation. The administration of the organization builds up an advertising plan dependent on the 4P's hypothesis and means to expand income age with the presentation of new items, limited time strategies and appropriation channels. Investigating the present states of the business it is suggested that the directors center around a progressively powerful market study to think about client needs to pull in more clients. Likewise to abuse openings a financially savvy procedure is suggest. Moreover, setting up a value roof, limiting wastage and keeping up solid associations with the customers is emphatically prescribed to pick up predominance and upper hand factors in the market. References Citychic.com.au. (2016).City Chic | Plus Size Clothing, Lingerie Denim Dresses, Sizes 14 - 24. [online] Available at: https://www.citychic.com.au/[Accessed 15 Sep. 2016]. Friedman, L. (2012).Go To Market Strategy. Routledge. Gordon, R. (2012). Reexamining and re-tooling the social advertising mix.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), 122-126. Award, R. M. (2016).Contemporary system examination: Text and cases version. John Wiley Sons. Henisz, W. J., Zelner, B. A. (2012). System and rivalry in the market and nonmarket arenas.The Academy of Management Perspectives,26(3), 40-51. Huang, R., Sari

Energy Consumption Layer - Free Essay Example

ABSTRACT This research demonstrates that the optimization for lower energy consumption leads to cross layer design from the two ends namely physical layer and the application layer. This optimization for quality of service requirements demands integration of multiple OSI layers (Open Systems Interconnect) Beginning from the physical layer the probability of successful radio packet delivery is first explored. This probability along with network energy consumption is traded off to let CTP-SN (Cooperative Transmission Protocol for Sensor Networks) demonstrate that sensor nodes co-operative radio transmission exponentially reduces the outage probability when the node density increases. On the other hand in MSSN (Sensor Networks with Mobile sinks) the probability of successful information retrieval on the mobile sink is explored. Optimal and sub-optimal transmission scheduling algorithms are then studied to exploit the trade-off between consumption and probability of successful radio packet delivery. In both the cases, optimizations lead to compound link layer and physical layer design. In the application layer Low Energy Self Organizing Protocols (LESOP) are studied for target tracking in dense wireless sensor networks. The application quality of service (QoS) under study is the target tracking error and network energy consumption. A QoS knob is utilized for controlling the tradeoffs between target tracking errors and network energy consumption. Direct connections are found between the top application layer and bottom MAC (medium Access Control)/ Physical layers. Moreover, unlike the classical OSI paradigm of communication networks, transport and network layers are excluded in LESOP in order to simplify the protocol stack. The Embedded Wireless Interconnect (EWI) which has been proposed to replace the existing OSI paradigm as the potential universal architecture platform is an effort towards standardization. EWI is built on two layers which are wireless link layer and system layer, respectively. A brief study of EWI is also carried out. CHAPTER: INTRODUCTION GENERAL A network is a series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths. Networks can interconnect with other networks and contain sub networks. There are different types of networks. This chapter discusses briefly about adhoc network, mobile adhoc network (MANET) and wireless sensor networks (WSN) respectively. WNS is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions at different locations. Sensor node deployment, power consumption, topological changes are some of the differences between WNS and MANET .There are various applications of wireless sensor networks, among which is target tracking. ADHOC NETWORK An ad-hoc (or spontaneous) network is a local area network or other small network, especially one with wireless or temporary plug-in connections, in which some of the network devices are part of the network only for the duration of a communications session or, in the case of mobile or portable devices, while in some close proximity to the rest of the network. In Latin, ad hoc literally means for this, further meaning for this purpose only, and thus usually temporary. The disadvantages of ad-hoc networks: An ad-hoc network tends to feature a small group of devices all in very close proximity to each other. Performance suffers as the number of devices grows, and a large ad-hoc network quickly becomes difficult to manage. Ad-hoc networks cannot bridge to wired LANs or to the Internet without installing a special-purpose gateway. MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK A MANET is an autonomous collection of mobile users that communicate over relatively bandwidth constrained wireless links.[] As the nodes are mobile, The network topology may vary unpredictably and rapidly over time. The network is decentralized, where the nodes themselves must execute all network movement together with delivering messages and discovering the topology, (i.e., routing functionality will be integrated into mobile nodes). Ranging from small, diverse, static networks that are controlled by power sources, to large-scale, highly dynamic networks, mobile are the applications for the MANETs. The main disadvantages of MANET are listed below: Regardless of the application, efficient distributed algorithms are needed by MANETs to determine link scheduling, routing and network organization. In a static network, the shortest path is based on a cost function given from a source to a destination is usually the optimal route; the idea discusseed is not easily extended to MANETs. The design of the network protocols for these networks is a problematic issue. Factors such as propagation path loss, fading, variable wireless link quality, multi-user interference, topological changes and power expended, become relevant issues. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS The term wireless network may technically be used to refer to any type of network that is wireless, the term is most commonly used to refer to a telecommunications network whose interconnections between nodes is implemented without the use of wires, such as a computer network. A sensor network is a computer network of many, spatially distributed devices using sensors to monitor conditions at different locations, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants. A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions at different locations. WSNs differ in many fundamental ways from MANETs. Among the differences that may impact the network and protocol design are The number of sensor nodes in a sensor network can be several orders of magnitude higher than the nodes in an ad hoc network. Sensor nodes are densely deployed. Sensor nodes are prone to failures. The topology of a sensor network changes very frequently. Sensor nodes mainly use a broadcast communication paradigm, whereas most adhoc networks are based on point-to-point communications. Sensor nodes are limited in power, computational capacities, and memory. Sensor nodes may not have global identification (ID) because of the large amount of overhead and large number of sensors. Constraints of WSN The following are the constraints of WSN which have to be consider while developing an application in wireless sensor networks. Fault Tolerance: Individual nodes are prone to unexpected failure with a much higher probability than other types of networks. The network should sustain information dissemination in spite of failures. Scalability: Number in the order of hundreds or thousands. Protocols should be able to scale to such high degree and take advantage of the high density of such networks. Production Costs: The cost of a single node must be low, much less than $1. Hardware Constraints: A sensor node is comprised of many subunits (sensing, processing, communication, power, location nding system, power scavenging and mobilizer). All these units combined together must consume extremely low power and be contained within an extremely small volume. Sensor Network Topology: Must be maintained even with very high node densities. Environment: Nodes are operating in inaccessible locations either because of hostile environment or because they are embedded in a structure. Transmission Media: RF, Infrared and Optical. Power Consumption: Power conservation and power management are primary design factors. Challenges of WSN In spite of the diverse applications, sensor networks pose a number of unique technical challenges due to the following factors: Adhoc Deployment: Most sensor nodes are deployed in regions which have no infrastructure at all. A typical way of deployment in a forest would be tossing the sensor nodes from an aeroplane. In such a situation, it is up to the nodes to identify its connectivity and distribution. Unattended Operation: In most cases, once deployed, sensor networks have no human intervention. Hence the nodes themselves are responsible for reconfiguration in case of any changes. Unethered: The sensor nodes are not connected to any energy source. There is only a finite source of energy, which must be optimally used for processing and communication. An interesting fact is that communication dominates processing in energy consumption. Thus, in order to make optimal use of energy, communication should be minimized as much as possible. Dynamic Changes: It is required that a sensor network system be adaptable to changing connectivity (for e.g., due to addition of more nodes, failure of nodes etc.) as well as changing environmental stimuli. Thus, unlike traditional networks, where the focus is on maximizing channel throughput or minimizing node deployment, the major consideration in a sensor network is to extend the system lifetime as well as the system robustness. Since many of the constraints of WNS are to deal with usage of sensor nodes its necessary to know about the sensors and sensor network architecture. Sensor Network Architecture The sensor nodes are usually scattered in a sensor field.Each of these scattered sensor nodes has the capabilities to collect data and route data back to the sink. A sensor is a type of transducer. It is a device that responds to a stimulus, such as heat, light, or pressure, and generates a signal that can be measured or interpreted. It is also known as a mote, that is capable of performing some processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. Components A sensor node is made up of four basic components a sensing unit, a processing unit, a transceiver unit, and a power unit as. They may also have additional application-dependent components such as a location finding system, power generator and mobilizer. Sensing units are usually composed of two subunits: sensors and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The analog signals produced by the sensors based on the observed phenomenon are converted to digital signals by the ADC, and then fed into the processing unit. The processing unit, which is generally associated with a small storage unit, manages the procedures that make the sensor node collaborate with the other nodes to carry out the assigned sensing tasks. A transceiver unit connects the node to the network. One of the most important components of a sensor node is the power unit. Power units may be supported by power scavenging units such as solar cells. There are also other subunits that are application-dependent. Most of the sensor network routing techniques and sensing tasks require knowledge of location with high accuracy. Thus, it is common that a sensor node has a location finding system. A mobilizer may sometimes be needed to move sensor nodes when it is required to carry out the assigned tasks. Sensor Network Protocol Stack The protocol stack used by the sink and sensor nodes shown in Figure2.1 is given in Figure 2.3. This protocol stack combines power and routing awareness, integrates data with networking protocols, communicates power efficiently through the wireless medium, and promotes cooperative efforts of sensor nodes. The protocol stack consists of the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, application layer, power management plane, mobility management plane, and task management plane. The physical layer addresses the needs of simple but robust modulation, transmission, and receiving techniques. Since the environment is noisy and sensor nodes can be mobile, the medium access control (MAC) protocol must b e power-aware and able to minimize collision with neighbors broadcasts. The network layer takes care of routing the data supplied by the transport layer. The transport layer helps to maintain the flow of data if the sensor networks application requires it. Depending on the sensing tasks, different types of application software can b e built and used on the application layer. In addition, the power, mobility, and task management planes monitor the power, movement, and task distribution among the sensor nodes. These planes help the sensor nodes coordinate the sensing task and lower overall power consumption. Wireless Sensor Networks Application Typical applications of WSNs include monitoring, tracking, and controlling. The specific applications are habitat monitoring, target tracking, nuclear reactor controlling, fire detection, traffic monitoring, Environmental monitoring, Acoustic detection , Seismic Detection , Military surveillance ,Inventory tracking ,Medical monitoring ,Smart spaces ,Process Monitoring ,Structural health monitoring ,Health Monitoring . Among these applications we will mainly study about target tracking in WSN. Target Tracking Target Tracking is estimating the location of the target and then proceeding to find the path or track of the target. The movement of the target is monitored by sensor nodes in WSN. SUMMARY Thus we see that though there are many kinds of networks like adhoc network, MANET accuracy is higher in WNS. So with the help of the sensor nodes target tracking can be done accurately using WNS. There are many different types of protocols and methods to perform target tracking, which will be discussed in next chapter. The LESOP protocol design will be discussed in fourth chapter. The implementation of the protocol and the end result will be discussed in the fifth chapter. The future enhancement and conclusion will be discussed in sixth chapter. CHAPTER: LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION Target tracking is one of the applications of WNS. Many different method, protocol and algorithm were adopted to detect and track the target. This chapter discusses briefly about the different algorithm, method, and protocol that were used to perform target tracking. They may include Distributed Online Localization, Cooperative Tracking, Collaborative Target Tracking, binary sensor model, Building and Managing Aggregates, Lightweight Sensing and Communication Protocols, on-Linear Measurement Model, Distributed State Representation, Optimizing Tree Reconfiguration ,Energy-Quality Tradeoffs, Entropy-based Sensor Selection Heuristic, An Activity-based Mobility Model and Trajectory Prediction. DISTRIBUTED ONLINE LOCALIZATION A distributed online algorithm is used here. The sensor nodes put to use geometric constraints. These are induced by radio connectivity and sensors in order to minimize the uncertainty of their locations. In order to improve their and moving target positions distributed online localization uses online observation of a moving target using sensor nodes. The nodes that act as reference nodes are pre-positioned into the network. The target is placed in an unknown position. Sensor nodes normally communicate with adjacent nodes. Size, ratio of known nodes, range of the radio and sensing rage are taken into consideration when this algorithm is implemented. It has been verified that this algorithm can track targets with more accuracy over time by better estimation of nodes and target positions through sensor observations. When the ratios of reference nodes are high, this method can be applied to enhance position estimation accuracy. COOPERATIVE TRACKING A binary detection sensor network is used in this area wherein the network sensor nodes can only establish if an object is within the maximum detection range. Information exchange between adjacent nodes refines location estimates improving precision of tracking. This algorithm is in two levels. In level one, local target position estimation is carried out. In the initial phase the target is assumed to be equal to the position of sensor node. The position data is recalculated as weighted averages to sensor location when new information about the node is made available. Closer nodes get more weight age. These estimations are aggregated to obtain the path of the object. In level two, a linear approximation of the path is calculated. This is done using the line-fitting algorithm on positions obtained in the previous level. The comparability of this approach to others such as distance measurements or angle of arrival measurements from sensors is confirmed by simulations. Because this approach puts to use binary-detection sensors it ends up being simpler and cheaper. COLLABRATIVE TARGET TRACKING This method is used to derive the effect of wireless network impairments on performance of the target tracking algorithm. It is applied in collaborative target tracking by using acoustic sensors. Target tracking by acoustic sensors demands multiple range or range estimation in order to carry out location estimation. Estimations are obtained by using a minimum of three range measurements. These are needed for a triangulation to precisely locate the target position. However, simultaneous range measurements are not possible as the target is mobile. Besides, over large networks maintaining measurements is tricks. Some measurements may be dropped or get delayed. Accuracy suffers because of this. SCAAT Kalman filter is used to manage global time synchronization. The Kalman filter maintains a time-stamped target state and updates the state when a single range or line of bearing is received. The de-jitted buffer is used to store the received measured with a time-out. These buffer storages sa ve a huge amount of unnecessary measurements. Two types of nodes are found in this network. First type estimates a targets range/angle. The second one called fusion nodes fuse the individual measurements. This results in a network without any packet loss or reordering. In more practical networks that suffer packet loss and re-ordering the location error decreases as the buffering latency increases. Therefore the de-jitter buffer helps save out of order packets. BINARY SENSOR MODEL This models works on the assumption that each sensor in the network detects one bit of information and this information is broadcast to the base station. This bit examines if an object is travelling away or towards the sensor. While this predicts the direction accurately, it does not yield the correct location. In order to do this a particle filtering style algorithm is used for target tracking. Besides the one bit information an additional bit is also gathered from proximity sensors to point out the exact location of the object. This tracking algorithm works on three assumptions namely: sensors in a region can detect the target travelling towards or away from sensor, bit information from every sensor is available in the central repository for processing and finally additional sensor supplies proximity information as a single bit is present. The error in trajectory prediction is rather low and the broadcast of a single bit over the whole network is easily feasible. The base station w as also able to respond to the sensor values broadcasting at higher rates. This solution is very practical to simple tracking applications. BUILDING AND MANAGING AGGREGATES This method introduces a decentralized protocol that constructs sensor aggregates in order to identify/count distinct nodes or targets in the field. Sensor aggregates are nothing but nodes that satisfy group predicate. Task and resource requirements are the parameters for grouping predicate. These aggregates are used for performing a task in a collaborative manner. The DAM(Distributed Aggregate management) protocol was introduced to support a representative and collaborative signal processing tasks. The DAM protocol forms many sensor aggregates in the sensor field. The following are assumptions are made about the networks : targets are single point sources of signal, sensors can mutually transfer information on the wireless within a fixed radius that that is higher than the mean inter-node distance, sensor times are synchronized to a global clock, and finally that the battery power limits network bandwidth. Within a variation of parameters this protocol has been observed to be effective in simulations. LIGHTWEIGHT SENSING AND COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS There are quite a few lightweight sensing and protocols such as Expectation-Maximization like Activity Monitoring (EMLAM), Distributed Aggregate Management (DAM), and finally Energy-Based Activity Monitoring (EBAM). Protocol DAM was developed for target monitoring. Sensors used low cost amplitude sensing. DAM carries out its purpose of electing local cluster leaders. The sensors in the network are classified into clusters on the basis of their signal strength, with each cluster having only one peak. Every peak represents a target as well as multiple targets that are close together. Each peak is identified by comparing heights of neighboring sensors. Sensor nodes exchange information to their one-hop neighbors. The cluster head leader is elected in the first phase as described above. Each sensor node is joint with a cluster that is defined by the highest peak that can reach that sensor through a path. Every leader can communicate with one or more targets in a defined period. DAM would not be capable to differentiate when there are many targets in a single cluster. To solve this problem, EBAM calculates the number of targets within each cluster. It also provides a solution to count targets within every sensor clutter made up by the DAM protocol. They assume each target has equal amounts of power. Since a single target is known the number of target sensors in the clutter can be calculated from the total signal power calculated in the cluster. The third protocol EMLAM uses expectation maximization technique for intra-cluster target counting. It assumes targets are not clustered while entering the field. When moving together sensor leaders will exchange information to track targets. The new target positions are estimated using a prediction model. Minimum mean Square estimation(MMSE) is used for estimating location and target signal powers. NON-LINEAR MEASUREMENT MODEL In the nonlinear measurement model a particle filter approach is used for tracking targets in presence of spurious measurements, which provide information such as target wakes, multi-path and tethered decoys. In order to resolve the problem of intermittent measurements appearing behind the target a measurement function is derived. The centroid of one of the sensors may be disturbed to point behind the actual target position due to environmental effects this is called wake effect. This particular filter accommodates this bias and models the filter with discrete hidden Markov model. Simulation results show that intermitten corruptions of measurement process can still track a target using particle filtering. DISTRIBUTED STATE REPRESENTATION In this method the state space model of physical phenomena is exploited. The dimension of the network increases with the presence and interaction of multiple targets. The issue of distributed sensing system to support monitoring in network has been dealt with in this method. Multiple target tracking is dealt with as an estimation problem. The position of target at time t is estimated using the state. Based on data collected, the actual location can be computed. Each target affects a local region of sensors in a distributed sensor network. In a multiple target neighborhood, the data will be shared across the network. Higher dimension tracking problem is broken into simple problems. Target states are decoupled into locations and identities. A joint estimation like centralized tracking approach is carried out when two targets move close to each other. While targets move away from each other, it will go back to single target tracking. However sorting out the confusion of two targets will require identity management. OPTIMIZING TREE RECONFIGURATION This method focuses on energy efficient detection and tracking mobile targets in introducing the concept of convoy tree based collaboration (DCTC) whose framework is to track the target as it moves. Along with the target, the sensor nodes move around. The tree is reconfigured to add and remove nodes as the target moves. DCTC is an optimization problem that solves to find a convey sequence with the lowest energy consumption in two steps. The first level involves an interception-based reconfiguration algorithm that reconfigures the tree for energy efficiency. The next step is for root migration. Results demonstrate that this scheme has the lowest energy consumption. ENERGY-QUALITY TRADEOFFS Here the energy efficient tradeoff of random activation and selective activation of the sensor nodes for localization and tracking of mobile targets has been studied. Many approaches namely nave activation, randomized activation, selective activation based on trajectory prediction, and duty-cycled activation are applied here. This method gives the impact of activation/deployment of sensor nodes, their sensing range, the capabilities of activated/un-activated nodes, and the target mobility model. It was found in simulations that selective activation plus a good prediction algorithm provides more energy saving while tracking. Besides, duty-cycle activation displays better flexibility and dynamic tradeoff in energy expenditure while used with selective activation. ENTROPY-BASED SENSOR SELECTION HEURISTIC This method proposes a novel entropy based heuristic for sensor selection based on target localization. This involves selecting informative sensors in each tracking step which is carried by using a greedy sensor selection strategy. This involves repeatedly selecting unused sensors with maximal expected information gain. Its purpose is to evaluate the expected information gain that can be attributed to each sensor. This should yield on average the greatest entropy reduction of target location distribution. In developing this wireless network the uncertainty in localization reduction attributable to a single sensor is primarily effected by entropy distribution of sensors view on the location of the target and entropy of sensors sensing model for actual location. The heuristic is calculated by simulation to yield a reduction in the entropy while providing previous target location, its distribution, sensor locations, and sensing models. SUMMARY All the methods discussed in this chapter uses OSI architecture and the protocol stack has application layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer and physical layer respectively. But the proposed LESOP protocol does not use OSI architecture but cross-layer architecture. Transport and network layer are being excluded in LESOP protocol stack. CHAPTER: DESIGN AND ALGORITHM INTRODUCTION A cross-layer design perspective is adopted in LESOP for high protocol efficiency, where direct interactions between the Application layer and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer are exploited. Unlike the classical Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) paradigm of communication networks, the Transport and Network layers are excluded in LESOP to simplify the protocol stack. A lightweight yet efficient target localization algorithm is proposed and implemented, and a Quality of Service (QoS) knob is found to control the tradeoff between the tracking error and the network energy consumption. This chapter discusses briefly about the modules and overall design of the LESOP protocol. LESOP MODULES The system module architecture of LESOP node is shown diagrammatically in Figure 4.1. The modules are named following the OSI tradition. The LESOP architecture virtually conforms to the proposed two-layer EWI platform. Inter-module information exchanges are done by messages and inter-node communications are done by packets and busy tones. Packets go through the primary radio, while busy tones are sent by the secondary wakeup radio. A set of inter-module messages, inter-node packets/tones, and module states for LESOP are defined. In wireless communications specifically, the Transport and Network layer are omitted to simplify the protocol stack. All the radio packets have one source address, which is the location coordinates Li of the source sensor node. They do not have a destination address, and are wirelessly broadcasted to the source neighborhood. In the LESOP design, the radio range is assumed to be two times larger than the sensing range. The assumption keeps the nodes set i.e., target detection nodes, within the range of each other. Application Layer The role of the Application layer is the overall control of the node functionalities. All the inter-node communications (packets or busy tones) start and end at the particular node Application layer. IDLE State: Initially all the deployed sensor nodes are in IDLE state. In this state, it is assumed that the target is undetected in the neighborhood region of the node. The Application layer periodically polls the sensor (sending SEN_POLL message) and read the sensing measurement (retrieving SEN_MEASURE message). The time period indicates how fast the target can be detected after appearing in the surveillance region. More specifically, the random variable denotes the detection delay, which is the time difference between the time the target appears, and the first time that the target is detected. Once the target is detected, the Application layer sends through the wakeup radio the busy tone Ba, and transfers to HEADI state. Ba forces all the neighboring sensor nodes become active. On the other hand, if Ba arrives first, the Application layer sends SEN_POLL and transfers to WAIT state. Wait State: In WAIT state, the Application layer first retrieves SEN_MEASURE message from the sensor. If the sensed measurement greater than the threshold measurement, it returns to IDLE state at the end of the track interval. Otherwise the detection coefficient is calculated locally and included in the DEC_INFO packet and forwarded to the MAC layer. The first busy tone Bb indicates that the leader node H2 has been elected in the neighborhood. When the DEC_READY message is received from the MAC layer, the specific node becomes H2, if H2 has not been elected. Correspondingly, the Application layer transfers to HEADII state, and sends DEC_CANCEL message to the MAC layer to cancel the current DEC_INFO packet. If it is known that H2 has been elected upon receiving DEC_READY, the Application layer replies to the MAC layer with the confirmation DEC_SET message. The second busy tone Bb indicates that the target location estimation procedure has ended. When it arrives, the Application layer sends DEC_CANCEL message to the MAC layer, and transfers to IDLE state. HEADI State: In HEADI state, the node behaves as the H1 node. The Application layer waits for the second busy tone Bb from the wakeup radio. As the desired Bb arrives, it sends TRACK_INFO packet through the primary radio, and waits for the acknowledgement, TRACK_ACK packet, from H2 node. After the exchange, the Application layer goes to the IDLE state. If the second Bb does not arrive within the track interval limit, the node decides that the target has disappeared or errors have occurred. Application layer transfers to IDLE state, and the track record is then forwarded to the sink by other mechanisms. HEADII State: In HEADII state, the node behaves as the H2 node. First, Bb busy tone is broadcasted through the wakeup radio, which announces that H2 has been elected. RADIO_ACT message is then sent to set the Physical layer in RECEIVE/IDLE state (turning on primary radio). The Application layer receives DEC_INFO packets from the neighborhood in sequence. The detection information fusion process is then executed as described in LESOP protocol algorithm. Once the terminating condition is met (i.e. determining optimal number of nodes), or the track interval time limit is reached, the target location is estimated by Optimal Linear Combing method. The second Bb is then broadcasted through the wakeup radio, indicating that the estimation procedure has finished. After the broadcasting of the second Bb, the Application layer waits for TRACK_INFO packet from H1, and responds with the acknowledge, TRACK_ACK packet. The Application layer then sends a RADIO_SLE message to set the Physical layer in SLEEP state (turning off primary radio). When the track interval time is reached, Ba is broadcasted though the wakeup radio and the Application layer transfers to HEADI state. MAC Layer The MAC layer receives the DEC_INFO packet from the Application layer. It calculates a time delay for the DEC_INFO packet. It waits until the expiration of the time delay to perform radio carrier sensing. If the primary radio channel is busy, the MAC layer waits for another time delay which is the DEC_INFO packet transmission delay. When the radio channel is free, DEC_READY is sent to the Application layer. If the response is DEC_SET, the DEC_INFO packet is forwarded to Physical layer and broadcasted. Else, if the Application layer response is DEC_CANCEL, the DEC_INFO packet is deleted in MAC. At anytime when DEC_CANCEL message is received, the current DEC_INFO packet waiting in the buffer is deleted. After receiving TRACK_INFO or TRACK_ACK packets from the Application layer, the MAC performs radio carrier sensing, and waits until the radio channel is free. The TRACK_INFO or TRACK_ACK packets are then forwarded to the Physical layer and broadcasted. The MAC layer also forwards all the received packets from the Physical layer to the Application layer. A collision of DEC_INFO packets can occur when the difference between the MAC time delays of two nodes is less than the range of the radios. Since range is small in sensor networks, the collision probability is practically small. The LESOP protocol is virtually robust to the collision, since H2 can ignore the collision, and wait for the next successfully received DEC_INFO packet. The channel error control coding (ECC) functionality is added to the MAC layer. Traditionally, ECC is defined at Data Link layer, and MAC is a sub-layer of Data Link layer. It provides us with an efficient way of presentation. Physical Layer The Physical layer of primary radio is responsible for broadcasting the radio packets to the nodes neighborhood, which in our simplified model is a circular region with radius as range of radios. It also supplements carrier sensing capability to MAC layer, and detects radio packets collision on primary radio. The Physical layer can be in one of the three states, TRANSMIT, RECEIVE/IDLE, and SLEEP, which correspond to the three modes of primary radio, transmitting, receiving/idle, and sleeping, respectively. When receiving the forwarded packets from the MAC layer, the Physical layer goes to TRANSMIT state, and returns to the previous state after transmission. The Application layer configures the Physical layer in RECEIVE/IDLE or SLEEP states, by RADIO_ACT or RADIO_SLE messages, respectively. Wakeup Radio and Sensors The wakeup radio and the sensor modules are under control of the Application layer. Wakeup radio broadcasts the busy tone forwarded from the Application layer, and sends the detected busy tone to the Application layer. After receiving SEN_POLL message from Application layer, the sensor module is activated, senses and responds the sensing measurement by sending SEN_MEASURE message.[1] HIGH LEVEL LESOP PROTOCOL DESCRIPTION A low-complexity processing algorithm for target tracking, which is based on the sensor measurements, is assumed. The high level LESOP protocol description, which is an iterative procedure, is diagrammatically represented in Figure 3.3. The process is described below. The node distribution can be modelled as POISSON PROCESS. The node that first detects the target is considered as first leader node. The neighbouring nodes are selected based on following two conditions : Sensing measurement of sensor node detection threshold of sensor node. Distance between leader node and sensor node range of radios. ] The Fusion-Detection Co-efficient are calculated using the following parameters: Sensing Noise Variance Sensing Measurement of sensor node Sensing Gain of Sensor Node The node with highest Fusion-Detection Co-efficient is elected as next Leader node. The detection information fusion is done at this newly elected leader node. A selected number of nodes from a node set that have detected the target participate in the fusion by sending the detection information to newly elected node. The nodes participating in the detection fusion are determined based on the Improvement Ratio of Accuracy calculated for set of nodes which is given as min value{ fusion-detection coefficient} Sum of all fusion detection coefficients The estimated target co-ordinates are calculated using Optimal linear combining. The leader node1 sends the old track information to leader node2 which includes a profile of target. The leader node2 generates the new track information. This continues until the target is tracked. Project Flow: Node detects the target Sets is as the First Leader Node (H1) Sends wake up message1 to RF channel Rf channel sends wake upmessage1 to all nodes The next leader node is elected (H2) And the next leader sends wakeup message1 Leader node2 is elected RFC transmits wakeup message 2 to all nodes Target estimation procedure is completed once the message2 has been sent The first leader Node (H1) sends the track information to the RFChannel to be transmitted to the( H2) H2 sends the track information acknowledgement to RFC which then sends to leader node H1 H2 now acts as the H1 and sends the wake up msg1 to all other nodes through RFC The next Leader node is elected and the procedure is continued until the target moves out of range The energy consumed by the sensor nodes remains constant at certain period of time. Though the number of nodes increases the network energy consumption is maintained constant. SUMMARY An LESOP protocol is proposed for target tracking in wireless sensor networks, based on a holistic cross-layer design perspective. Linear processing is employed for target location estimation. Compared with the optimal nonlinear estimation, the proposed linear processing achieves significantly lower complexity, which makes it suitable for sensor networks implementation. A QoS knob coefficient is found in optimizing the fundamental tradeoff. Moreover, the protocol is fully scalable because the fusion coefficient is calculated locally on individual sensor nodes. In the protocol design of LESOP, direct interactions between the top Application layer and the bottom MAC/Physical layers are exploited. The traditional Network layer and Transport layer have been removed, thus simplifying the protocol stack. Some traditional functionality of the two layers is merged into the top and the bottom layers. CHAPTER: IMPLEMENTATION INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses the implementation of modules and end result. The implementation is performed in simulation software, OMNeT++. OMNeT++ is a public-source, component-based, modular and open-architecture simulation environment with strong GUI support and an embeddable simulation kernel. It requires Microsoft Visual C++. It can be installed both in windows and Linux. The version 3.0 is used in this project.Its primary application area is the simulation of communication networks and because of its generic and flexible architecture, it has been successfully used in other areas like the simulation of IT systems, queuing networks, hardware architectures and business processes as well. Getting started To implement your first simulation from scratch we need to follow the following steps: 1. The working directory is created, its called as tictoc, and the cd to this directory. 2.By creating a topology file the example network is described. The networks nodes and the links between them can be identified by a topology file, which is in the form of text file. You can generate it with your preferred text editor. Lets call it tictoc1.ned: // // This file is part of an OMNeT++/OMNEST simulation example. // // Copyright (C) 2003 Ahmet Sekercioglu // Copyright (C) 2003-2004 Andras Varga // // This file is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY. See the file // `license for details on this and other legal matters. // simple Txc1 gates: in: in; out: out; endsimple // // Two instances (tic and toc) of Txc1 connected both ways. // Tic and toc will pass messages to one another. // module Tictoc1 submodules: tic: Txc1; toc: Txc1; connections: tic.out delay 100ms toc.in; tic.in delay 100ms toc.out; endmodule network tictoc1 : Tictoc1 endnetwork The file is finest to read from the bottom up. Heres what it defines: A network called tictoc1 is defined, which is an instance the module type Tictoc1 (network..endnetwork); Tictoc1 is assembled from two sub modules, which is tic and toc and its a compound module. The two sub modules, tic and toc are instances of the identical module type called Txc1. The tics output gate, which is named as out is connected to tocs input gate, which is named as in, and vice versa (module..endmodule). In both ways there will be a 100ms propagation delay; Txc1 is atomic on NED level,and it will be implemented in C++. So Txc1 is known as a simple module type. Txc1 has one input gate, and one output gate, which is named has in and out respectively (simple..endsimple). 3. By writing a C++ file txc1.cc we can achieve the implementation of the functionality of the simple module Txc1.The C++ file txc1.cc: // // This file is part of an OMNeT++/OMNEST simulation example. // // Copyright (C) 2003 Ahmet Sekercioglu // Copyright (C) 2003-2004 Andras Varga // // This file is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY. See the file // `license for details on this and other legal matters. // #include string.h #include omnetpp.h class Txc1 : public cSimpleModule { // This is a macro; it expands to constructor definition. Module_Class_Members(Txc1, cSimpleModule, 0); // The following redefined virtual function holds the algorithm. virtual void initialize(); virtual void handleMessage(cMessage *msg); }; // The module class needs to be registered with OMNeT++ Define_Module(Txc1); void Txc1::initialize() { // Initialize is called at the beginning of the simulation. // To bootstrap the tic-toc-tic-toc process, one of the modules needs // to send the first message. Let this be `tic. // Am I Tic or Toc? if (strcmp(tic, name()) == 0) { // create and send first message on gate out. tictocMsg is an // arbitrary string which will be the name of the message object. cMessage *msg = new cMessage(tictocMsg); send(msg, out); } } void Txc1::handleMessage(cMessage *msg) { // The handleMessage() method is called whenever a message arrives // at the module. Here, we just send it to the other module, through // gate `out. Because both `tic and `toc does the same, the message // will bounce between the two. send(msg, out); } The C++ class Txc1 represents the Txc1 simple module type, which has to be registered in OMNeT++ with the Define module() macro and sub classed from cSimpleModule. The two methods is redefined from cSimpleModule: handleMessage() and initialize(). From the simulation kernel they are invoked: the first one only once, and the second one whenever a module receives the messages. A message object (cMessage) is created in initialize(), and drive it out via gate out. From the time when this gate is linked to the other modules input gate, After a 100ms propagation delay assigned to the link in the NED file, the simulation kernel will convey this message to the other module in the dispute to handleMessage().It will result in continuous ping-pong because the other module just sends it back(another 100ms delay). CMessage objects (or its subclass) represent the events (timers, timeouts) and Messages (packets, frames, jobs, etc) in OMNeT++. Later than you send or schedule them, They will be held by the simulation kernel in the future events or scheduled events list in anticipation of their time comes and they are delivered to the modules using handleMessage(). We have to note that there is no stopping condition built into this simulation: it would carry on forever. From the GUI we will be able to stop it. 4. The compile and link our program to generate the executable tictocs done with the help of creating the Makefile. $ opp_makemake In the working directory tictoc, Makefile is now created with the help of this command. Note: Windows+MSVC users: to create a Makefile.vc, the command is opp_nmakemake. 5. Now link our very first simulation by issuing the make command and compile: $ make Note: # Lines beginning with `# are comments [Parameters] tictoc4.toc.limit = 5 # argument to exponential() is the mean; truncnormal() returns values from # the normal distribution truncated to nonnegative values tictoc6.tic.delayTime = exponential(3) tictoc6.toc.delayTime = truncnormal(3,1) tictoc9.n = 5 tictoc10.n = 5 tictoc11.n = 5 r The simulation program asks which even doesnt specify the network in a dialog when it starts. 7. Once the above steps are completed, by issuing this command you can launch the simulation and expectantly you should now get the OMNeT++ simulation window $ ./tictoc Note: Windows: the command we are used is just tictoc. 8. To start the simulation press the Run button on the toolbar. The simulated time is displayed in the main window toolbar displays. This is known as virtual time, it cant do anything with the wall-clock or actual time that the program takes to perform. The speed of your hardware and even more on the nature and complexity of the simulation model itself determines how many seconds you can simulate one real-world second. Note that the time taken for a node to process the message is zero simulation time. The propagation delay on the connections is the only thing that makes the simulation time pass in this model. 9. We can run by making it quicker with the slider at the top of the graphics window or with slowing down the animation. The simulation can be stopped by hitting F8 (equivalent to the STOP button on the toolbar), F4 is used to single-step through it , F5 used to run it with or F6 is for without animation. F7 is for express mode, which are fully turns off tracing features for maximum speed. Note the event/sec and simsec/sec gauges on the status bar of the main window. 10. By choosing File|Exit or clicking its Close icon you can exit the simulation program. SNAPSHOTS In the omnet++ 3.0 environment the following command is being used to generate the makefile. % Opp_nmakemake The object files for all the cpp files are generated using the following command. The executable file for running the simulation network is also generated. % nmake -f Makefile.vc The executable file is run which generates the simulation network. The working includes various steps. STEP: 1 The node that first detects the target is considered as first leader node. The node[31] sends wakeup message1 to the RFChannel. Figure 5-1 Sensor node[31] Elected as H1 STEP: 2 The wake up message1 is transmitted to all the other nodes. This is done through RFChannel. STEP: 3 The next leader node is elected. The node[17] sends wakeup message1 to the RFChannel. STEP: 4 The first wake up message2 is transmitted to all the other nodes to indicate that the leader node2 has been elected. STEP: 5 The second wake up message2 is transmitted to the RFChannel from sensor node[17] once it finishes the target location estimation procedure. STEP: 6 The second wake up message2 is transmitted to all the other nodes through RFChannel. STEP: 7 The sensor node[31], H1 sends the track information to the RFChannel to be transmitted to the H2 which is sensor node[17]. STEP: 8 The sensor node[17], H2 sends the track information acknowledgement to RFC which then sends to leader node H1, sensor node[31]. Figure 5-8 Sensor node[17] sends Track ack to RFC STEP: 9 The sensor node[17] now acts as the H1 and sends the wake up msg1 to all other nodes through RFC. STEP: 10 The next Leader node is elected and the procedure is continued until the target moves out of range. STEP: 11 The energy consumed by the sensor nodes remains constant at certain period of time. Though the number of nodes increases the network energy consumption is maintained constant. SUMMARIZATION The OMNeT++ 3.0 is being implemented in window XP to generate the simulation environment. C++ programming language is being used and the desired output is examined.The sensor network is created with 80 nodes and the corresponding messages are transferred between the nodes. The vector graph is generated once the simulation ends. The conclusion and future enhancements are described in the sixth chapter. CHAPTER: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS GENERAL This chapter discusses the future enhancements and the conclusion of the target tracking in wireless sensor network. Conclusion The idea behind sensor networks cross layer design is to optimize the basic trade off in sensor networks the tradeoff between application specific QoS gain and energy consumption expenditure. As of now cross layer optimizations need to done in a holistic manner as research communities are trying to reach a acceptable new architecture. However the holism may not necessarily be affordable in the future. As complexities in the networks grow it is the hierarchical layers provide long-term efficiency and propagation. The alteration on layer of protocol stacks does not require the rewriting of entire protocol stack. This dissertation research rests heavily on an organized study of the sensor networks cross layer design. The second chapter discusses the overall description of the project and the area in which the project is carried out. The different types of protocols and methods used to perform target tracking are explained in Chapter 3. The LESOP protocol design has been discussed in the fourth chapter along with algorithm of each module. The implementation of the protocol and the end result has been discussed in the fifth chapter Future enhancements Future enhancements in wireless sensor networks are seen in Embedded Wireless interconnect (EWI) area. The EWI is used for replacing the existing OSI structures. It is built on two layers which are system layer and wireless link layer respectively. The experimental and theoretical background studies lead to an explanation of the general interface syntax between the two layers and suggests that the separate dealing of source and channel coding in wireless link layer and system layer can achieve optimal twist and energy consumption trade off in reach-far wireless sensor networks, asymptotically. Summary The conclusion statement and future enhancements are discussed in this chapter. APPENDIX MAIN MODULE The main module includes sub modules of application layer, mac layer, Physical layer, Sensor, Recorder and the target. // MAC ModuleInterface(SensorHostMac) // parameters: Parameter(txRate, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(TD_MAX, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(toPhy, GateDir_Output) Gate(toApp, GateDir_Output) Gate(fromApp, GateDir_Input) Gate(fromPhy, GateDir_Input) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(SensorHostMac) // APP ModuleInterface(SensorHostApp) // parameters: Parameter(Location_X, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Location_Y, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Lambda_app, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Dec_Interval, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(MicNoise, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(DetPkLen, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(MicSample, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Sensing_Interval, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(DecayComponent, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(TrackPkLen, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(ACKPkLen, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(toMac, GateDir_Output) Gate(toSen, GateDir_Output) Gate(fromMac, GateDir_Input) Gate(fromSen, GateDir_Input) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(SensorHostApp) // CHANNEL ModuleInterface(WirelessChannel) // parameters: Parameter(DecayComponent, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Shadowing, ParType_Numeric) Parameter(Number_Host, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Propagation_Delay, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(RF_Range, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(In, GateDir_Input) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(WirelessChannel) //RECORDER ModuleInterface(SystemRecorder) // parameters: Parameter(Number_Host, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Interval, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(In, GateDir_Input) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(SystemRecorder) // TARGET ModuleInterface(TargetLocation) // parameters: Parameter(Energy, ParType_Numeric) Parameter(DecayComponent, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Number_Host, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Interval, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Max_V, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Sen_Range, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Range, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Propagation_Delay, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Enter_Time, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Leave_Time, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(TargetLocation) // PHYSICAL ModuleInterface(SensorHostPhy) // parameters: Parameter(RFNoise, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(RFPower, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(P_Activate, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(P_Transmit, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(Threshold, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(fromMac, GateDir_Input) Gate(RFIn, GateDir_Input) Gate(toMac, GateDir_Output) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(SensorHostPhy) // SENSOR ModuleInterface(Sensor) // parameters: Parameter(MicNoise, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(MicSample, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) Parameter(E_SEN, ParType_Numeric ParType_Const) // gates: Gate(SenIn, GateDir_Input) Gate(fromApp, GateDir_Input) Gate(toApp, GateDir_Output) EndInterface Register_ModuleInterface(Sensor) // submodule mac: modtype = _getModuleType(SensorHostMac); cModule *mac_p = modtype-create(mac, mod); int mac_size = 1; // parameter assignments: mac_p-par(txRate) = mod-par(txRate); mac_p-par(TD_MAX) = mod-par(TD_MAX); _readModuleParameters(mac_p); // submodule app: modtype = _getModuleType(SensorHostApp); cModule *app_p = modtype-create(app, mod); int app_size = 1; // parameter assignments: app_p-par(Location_X) = mod-par(Location_X); app_p-par(Location_Y) = mod-par(Location_Y); app_p-par(MicNoise) = mod-par(MicNoise); app_p-par(MicSample) = mod-par(MicSample); app_p-par(DetPkLen) = mod-par(DetPkLen); app_p-par(TrackPkLen) = mod-par(TrackPkLen); app_p-par(ACKPkLen) = mod-par(ACKPkLen); app_p-par(Sensing_Interval) = mod-par(Sensing_Interval); app_p-par(DecayComponent) = mod-par(DecayComponent); app_p-par(Lambda_app) = mod-par(Lambda_app); app_p-par(Dec_Interval) = mod-par(Dec_Interval); _readModuleParameters(app_p); // submodule sen: modtype = _getModuleType(Sensor); cModule *sen_p = modtype-create(sen, mod); int sen_size = 1; // parameter assignments: sen_p-par(MicNoise) = mod-par(MicNoise); sen_p-par(MicSample) = mod-par(MicSample); sen_p-par(E_SEN) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr0(mod)); _readModuleParameters(sen_p); // submodule phy: modtype = _getModuleType(SensorHostPhy); cModule *phy_p = modtype-create(phy, mod); int phy_size = 1; // parameter assignments: phy_p-par(RFNoise) = mod-par(RFNoise); phy_p-par(RFPower) = mod-par(RFPower); phy_p-par(Threshold) = mod-par(RFThreshold); phy_p-par(P_Activate) = mod-par(P_Activate); phy_p-par(P_Transmit) = mod-par(P_Transmit); _readModuleParameters(phy_p); // submodule batt: modtype = _getModuleType(Battery); cModule *batt_p = modtype-create(batt, mod); int batt_size = 1; // parameter assignments: batt_p-par(EnergyLevIni) = mod-par(EnergyLevIni); _readModuleParameters(batt_p); // connections: cGate *srcgate, *destgate; cChannel *channel; cPar *par; // connection srcgate = _checkGate(phy_p, toMac); destgate = _checkGate(mac_p, fromPhy); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(sen_p, toApp); destgate = _checkGate(app_p, fromSen); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(mac_p, toPhy); destgate = _checkGate(phy_p, fromMac); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(app_p, toSen); destgate = _checkGate(sen_p, fromApp); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(mac_p, toApp); destgate = _checkGate(app_p, fromMac); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(app_p, toMac); destgate = _checkGate(mac_p, fromApp); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(mod, SenIn); destgate = _checkGate(sen_p, SenIn); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // connection srcgate = _checkGate(mod, RFIn); destgate = _checkGate(phy_p, RFIn); srcgate-connectTo(destgate); // this level is done recursively build submodules too mac_p-buildInside(); app_p-buildInside(); sen_p-buildInside(); phy_p-buildInside(); batt_p-buildInside(); } // submodule target: modtype = _getModuleType(TargetLocation); cModule *target_p = modtype-create(target, mod); int target_size = 1; // parameter assignments: target_p-par(Energy) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr1(mod)); target_p-par(Number_Host) = mod-par(Number_Host); target_p-par(Propagation_Delay) = mod-par(A_Propagation_Delay); target_p-par(Interval) = mod-par(Sen_Interval); target_p-par(Max_V) = mod-par(Max_V); target_p-par(Sen_Range) = mod-par(Sen_Range); target_p-par(Range) = mod-par(Range_Square); target_p-par(DecayComponent) = mod-par(A_DecayComponent); target_p-par(Enter_Time) = mod-par(Target_Enter_Time); target_p-par(Leave_Time) = mod-par(Target_Leave_Time); _readModuleParameters(target_p); // submodule recorder: modtype = _getModuleType(SystemRecorder); cModule *recorder_p = modtype-create(recorder, mod); int recorder_size = 1; // parameter assignments: recorder_p-par(Number_Host) = mod-par(Number_Host); recorder_p-par(Interval) = mod-par(Record_Interval); _readModuleParameters(recorder_p); // submodule rfchannel: modtype = _getModuleType(WirelessChannel); cModule *rfchannel_p = modtype-create(rfchannel, mod); int rfchannel_size = 1; // parameter assignments: rfchannel_p-par(DecayComponent) = mod-par(DecayComponent); rfchannel_p-par(Shadowing) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr2(mod)); rfchannel_p-par(Number_Host) = mod-par(Number_Host); rfchannel_p-par(RF_Range) = mod-par(RF_Range); rfchannel_p-par(Propagation_Delay) = mod-par(Propagation_Delay); _readModuleParameters(rfchannel_p); // submodule sensors: modtype = _getModuleType(SensorHost); int sensors_size = (int)(mod-par(Number_Host)); _checkModuleVectorSize(sensors_size,sensors); cModule **sensors_p = new cModule *[sensors_size]; for (submodindex=0; submodindexsensors_size; submodindex++) { sensors_p[submodindex] = modtype-create(sensors, mod, sensors_size, submodindex); // parameter assignments: sensors_p[submodindex]-par(txRate) = mod-par(R_RF); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(EnergyLevIni) = mod-par(EnergyLevIni); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(DetPkLen) = mod-par(L_d); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(TrackPkLen) = mod-par(L_t); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(ACKPkLen) = mod-par(L_a); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(RFNoise) = mod-par(RFNoise); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(MicNoise) = mod-par(sigma_i2); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(RFPower) = mod-par(RFPower); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(RFThreshold) = mod-par(RFThreshold); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(MicSample) = mod-par(Sen_N); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(P_Activate) = mod-par(P_Activate); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(P_Transmit) = mod-par(P_Transmit); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Location_X) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr3(mod)); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Location_Y) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr4(mod)); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(P_SEN) = mod-par(P_SEN); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(TD_MAX) = mod-par(TD_MAX); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Lambda_app) = tmpval.setDoubleValue(new Expr5(mod)); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Sensing_Interval) = mod-par(T_Sen); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Dec_Interval) = mod-par(T_Track); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(DecayComponent) = mod-par(A_DecayComponent); sensors_p[submodindex]-par(Sensor_Fs) = mod-par(Sensor_Fs); _readModuleParameters(sensors_p[submodindex]); } // this level is done recursively build submodules too target_p-buildInside(); recorder_p-buildInside(); rfchannel_p-buildInside(); for (submodindex=0; submodindexsensors_size; submodindex++) sensors_p[submodindex]-buildInside(); delete [] sensors_p; } PACKETS DEFINITION There are several packets, messages, and busy tones that get transferred between the nodes for every event. The definition and specification of the packets include various attributes. The RFPacket includes the following data txRate // Transmission Rate sending_power // Transmitting power receiving_power // Receiving Power location_x // X-Coordinate location_y // Y-coordinate The DecInfoPacket includes the following data Data // Fusion Co-efficient The TrackInfoPacket includes the following data track_x // X-coordinate track_y // Y-coordinate recordtime // Time Of Recording true_x // Original X-coordinate true_y // Original Y-coordinate The above message packets are transmitted between the nodes during corresponding events. For example consider that the sensor node 17 [H1] sends the track information to node 3[H2]. The TrackInfoPacket resembles as given below. //NODE 17 SENDING TRACK_INFO TO NODE 3 double txRate = 20000.000000 double sending_power = 1.000000 double receiving_power = 0.048157 double location_x = 16.652397 double location_y = 19.143103 int number = 1 double track_x = 15.996901 double track_y = 18.059343 int ncount = 3 double recordtime = 30.899702 double true_x = 14.933409 double true_y = 18.713991 Similarly the packet includes various different information depending on the type of packets sent received.

Identifying Women At Risk For Postpartum Depression

Summary Introduction Unfortunately, some mothers have the ill-fated experience of going through postpartum depression after the delivery of their newborn. In its most severe form, the mother may experience suicidal thoughts or the inability to provide care for their newborn baby. In Dennis, Janssen, and Stinger (2004) article, â€Å"Identifying Women at Risk for Postpartum Depression in the Immediate Postpartum Period,† they were able to develop a predictive model to be utilized as a screening tool to determine women who were more susceptible. Significance of the Problem Postpartum depression is a significant problem as it is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity. Developing a screening tool to address the issue early can provide the necessary interventions to avoid further undesirable problems down the road. As we know, early detection is key in prevention. Developing questionnaires that can identify multiple risk factors can help better identify women who are more likely to be at risk. The following study addresses the following risk factors in the categories of socio demographics, biological, pregnancy related factors, life stressors, social support, obstetric, and maternal adjustment. Critique of Article Problem The purpose of this study was to develop a predictive model that takes into account a number of risks factors that can also assist in identifying symptoms associated with depression during the first week period of postpartum. This would establish aShow MoreRelatedPostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pageswell as many other countries and cultures, postpartum depression is prevalent, but many times overlooked or not diagnosed. Postpartum depression is a â€Å"mood disorder that occurs with alarming frequency with documented prevalence of 10% to 15% during the first 3 months after delivery† (Horowitz, et. al, 2013, p. 287). Throughout hospitals, nurses are being educated about postpartum depression, which allows them to educate patients on what postpartum depression is and how to recognize the signs. If unrecognizedRead MoreUsing Short Term Group Psychotherapy As An Evidence Based Intervention For First Time Mothers At Risk For Postpartum Depr ession1375 Words   |  6 PagesPsychotherapy as an Evidence-Based Intervention for First-Time Mothers at Risk for Postpartum Depression Authors: Richard A. Pessagno, DNP, RN, APN-C, CGP, and Diane Hunker, PhD, MBA, RN As Published in: Perspectives in Psychiatric Care ISSN 0031-5990, a journal for advanced psychiatric nursing. The problem this article looks at is postpartum depression, specifically with first-time mothers at risk. 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Symptoms may include depressed mood or severe mood swings from the first few weeks, to up to six months after birth. While hormonal changes is just one of the many factors that contribute to PPD, sleep deprivation, lifestyle, and environment may also affect any new parent (Smith, Segal, 2016). Although our knowledge about PPD has greatly advanced inRead MoreThe Effects Of Postpartum Depression On A Woman s Mood1307 Words   |  6 Pagescauses of postpartum depression are unk nown. Changes in hormone levels during and after pregnancy may affect a woman’s mood. Many non-hormonal factors may also affect mood during this period; Change in your body from pregnancy and delivery, changes in work and social relationships, having less time and freedom for yourself, lack of sleep, and worries about your ability to be a good mother (Postpartum depression, n.d.)†. Romm states that becoming a mother can be overwhelming, and few women are fullyRead MoreDuring Clinical, I Had The Opportunity Of Working With1734 Words   |  7 Pagesmyself with my nurse in charge she was a little receptive to care. She was showing emotion of sadness, loneliness and little bonding connection with the baby i.e. less skin to skin contact which is essential right after birth of baby. Normally, on postpartum unit, you’d observe a lot of mother holding, bonding and observing and asking questions and addressing concerns. Once the baby arrives, the mother begins learning t o respond to the baby s cues to fulfill his many needs. As the mother provides careRead MoreThe Role Of Literature Of Maternal Depression During Prenatal Stages1110 Words   |  5 Pages Evaluating the Relationship of Literature of Maternal Depression during Prenatal Stages. Depression can occur at any time. We often hear talk of postpartum depression or the baby blues, which occurs shortly after the birth of a baby. Though we rarely discuss depression that occurs during pregnancy or prenatal depression. There are estimates that as many as 70% of women will experience symptoms of depression during pregnancy, making it a widespread concern. However, these depressive symptoms are

How the White Community Discriminated Other Races in the USA Assignment

Essays on How the White Community Discriminated Other Races in the USA Assignment The paper "How the White Community Discriminated Other Races in the USA" is a wonderful example of an assignment on history. President Jackson believed the removal of Indians would contribute to great civilization in the United States of America. Jackson argued that the issue of land was inevitable, and advocated for development among citizens from the northeast of Mississippi (Indian Removal. Extract from Andrew Jacksons Seventh Annual Message to Congress 1). Furthermore, he dismissed a romantic representation of the Indian culture as a sentimental longing for a simpler time in the past. He believed population transfer was wise and would highly contribute to development (Indian Removal. Extract from Andrew Jacksons Seventh Annual Message to Congress 1). Ross responded to President Jackson’s message by opposing the Indian Removal Act (458-461). He argues that the community is extinct, and they have rights just like the American community. He also explained that the Indians should be allowed to farm and practice their cultural beliefs. The article presented that the central conflict between the Whites and the Indians was as a result of the Whites refusing to accept Indian cultural practices (Ross 458-461). On the other hand, the Cloud’s description of the Trail Of Tears explained the suffering Indians underwent during the removal process. The process was very frustrating and most Indians experienced severe pain. To some extent, some died of diseases and starvation. The White men motivated the negative attitude Cloud had towards the White community (Cloud 3). The discretion is in contrast to Jackson’s opinion of providing civilization for the Indian community.The Factory Tracts article explains how Lowell women suf fered in their workstations for ten hours (1). These women called for collective campaigns and actions towards their mistreatment. The article aimed at describing the working conditions experienced in most industries in 1845 (The Factory Tracts 1). Finally, the campaigns motivated other industrial movements to the campaign. Crockett provides a description of frontier politics. The description was based on his campaign for a position at the Tennessee legislature in 1821 (Crockett 137–42). He explains how the limitations of voting during 1821 and how it affected the non-native citizens (Crockett 137–42). In conclusion, these articles give a detailed explanation of how the White community discriminated against other races in various ways such as ownership of property, voting, and even in terms of the working conditions.

Understanding Filipino Psychology free essay sample

Understanding Filipino A Thought Paper What is Filipino Psychology? According to Enriquez, Filipino Psychology is anchored on Filipino thought and experience as understood from a Filipino perspective. As I understood through our readings, Filipino Psychology for me is the behavior, thoughts, experiences and nature of the Filipino people from their own perspective. I have discovered that methods in defining and measuring Filipino psychology have been derived from Western methods and others maybe because of our shared history with the different cultures that have been brought to us during our country’s colonization. Thus, we do not have our very own distinct culture, different from others. Culture. For me, it refers to the practices and traditions that have been handed down from generation to generation. Cultural values that are very Filipino in nature such as â€Å" Bahala Na †, â€Å" Utang na Loob †, â€Å" Hiya †, â€Å" Palusot â€Å" and â€Å" Pakikipagkapwa † are very known to all of us and might be even practiced by some of us. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Filipino Psychology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The concept of â€Å" Bahala Na † or the attitude of resigning and withdrawing from an engagement or crisis or a shirking from a personal responsibility, and â€Å" Palusot † or making excuses and loopholes from doing a certain responsibility assigned and designated for you are some of the examples of the negative cultural values of the Filipinos. However, the concept of â€Å"Utang Na Loob † may be either positive or negative. Since we all know that culture is dynamic and it changes from time to time, we are now in the age of global technology where typewriters were overshadowed by computers and laptops, where snail mail evolved to electronic mails and cellular phones are very much in demand and is now considered a NEED. Filipino culture is no exception. Filipino culture have indeed have changed through time. The Philippines is now the text capital of the world because we are the country that sends the most number of text messages per day. Gadgets have been considered a necessity and not anymore a luxury that only the well-off could buy. Even those who barely manage to eat three meals a day have mp3 players and i-pods and cellular phones with cameras. The Philippines have not changed. Our country is still located in Asia. Our country still has 7,107 islands, 3 main islands Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. But, the Filipinos have indeed changed. Our culture and traditions are slowly being forgotten by us. Globalization and technology advancements have started to cloud our minds into preserving our traditions, â€Å" ang sariling atin † as we say it.